The reconstitution of social and intellectual being that comprised the goal of the new Soviet authorities following their seizure of political power in late 1917 signalled a fundamental campaign for literacy. The process of learning to read was commenced in a traditional way, i.e. Through school lessons and by illustrated primer ( azbuka/bukvar) in which letter, word and image were text. In the attempt to instill a socialist consciousness in every adult and child ‘HOW’ and ‘WHAT’ to read took on new significance. Just as the Cyrillic alphabet was reformed so too were the primers, with content and meanings being radically altered. It is the actuality and process of this transformation over the first fifteen years of Sovietised Russia and as revealed through four illustrated primers, that is the subject of this paper.

Keywords: Azbuka; Bukvar; Primer; Literacy; Illustrated. Notes: L. Ershova, V. Semenikhin, Dmitriy Fomin, Detskaya illyustrirovannaya kniga v istorii rossii 1881-1939 iz kollektsii Aleksandra Lur’e, Moscow, Uley, 2009; Albert Lemmens, Serge Stommels, Russian Artists and the Children’s Book 1890-1992, Nijmegen, LS, 2009.

Kereta malam koplo. , now I ask, are you easy to memorize the url? There is a once read already memorized and also there are many times read not memorized. Shortlink own point to shorten a link or url, be it a download link or url to a particular website. Of course for easy to remember. For example, I have a link 'http: //yoursite*.com/profile.php?'

See also, for example, Evgeny Steiner, Stories for Little Comrades. Revolutionary Artists and the Making of Early Soviet Children’s Books, Seattle, University of Washington Press, 1999; Julian Rothenstein, Olga Budashevskaya (eds.), Inside the Rainbow: Russian Children’s Literature 1920-1935: Beautiful Books, Terrible Times, London, Redstone Press, 2013. See the useful but minimal coverage in L. Ershova et al. Detskaya, op. cit., vol. 1, 228-9. For an indication of the range, see Azbuki, bukvari i knigi dlya chteniya c. 1918-1930 and c. 1931-1940 gg., K. D. Ushinskiy Nauchnaya Pedagogicheskaya Biblioteka, website: (accessed ).

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